How to Thaw Frozen Food Safely: Refrigerator, Cold Water, or Microwave

Skip counter thawing

FoodSafety.gov advises against thawing meat, poultry, or seafood at room temperature. The outside can warm while the center remains frozen, allowing germs to grow. Plan ahead and choose a method that keeps food at a safe temperature.

Three safe methods

In the refrigerator: Place the frozen item in a leakproof container on a lower shelf so juices cannot drip onto ready-to-eat foods. This method takes planning, especially for larger items, but food stays cold during thawing. Once thawed, follow storage guidance for that food.

In cold water: Keep food in a leakproof package and submerge it in cold tap water. Change the water every 30 minutes so it remains cold. Cook the food promptly after thawing by this method.

In the microwave: Use the microwave's defrost setting and rotate or separate pieces as needed. Some parts may begin cooking during thawing, so cook the food immediately afterward.

Do not thaw perishable foods on the counter, in a garage, or outdoors. A slow cooker is not a thawing method; if a recipe uses frozen meat, thaw it safely before adding it unless the appliance's tested instructions specifically say otherwise.

Prevent cross-contamination

Keep raw juices away from produce and cooked foods. Wash hands, utensils, and surfaces after handling raw meat or seafood. Clean spills promptly and do not reuse a plate that held raw food without washing it first.

Some foods can be cooked from frozen, but cooking time and instructions vary. Use a food thermometer when needed and follow package directions. When in doubt about a specific item, consult USDA or FoodSafety.gov guidance rather than guessing.

Sources and further reading

• Warm Up with a Safely Slow-Cooked Meal
• 4 Steps to Food Safety

Health disclaimer

This article is for general education only. Its information and suggestions are not medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and may not be right for everyone. Ask a qualified health professional for advice that fits your health, medications, and needs before changing your diet, exercise, supplement use, or care.